Packet-Level Index Modulation for LoRaWAN

The long range wide area network (LoRaWAN) is one of the enabling technologies for low power (LPWA) networks. In LoRaWAN, a node transmits its packet to gateway (GW) in an autonomous and decentralized manner. quantity data that can be transmitted by each limited duty cycle (DC). Furthermore, it not easy nodes perform sophisticated techniques increasing due their functionality, especially when are battery-powered. If size increases, collision may occur more frequently. Since transmission drains LoRaWAN nodes' battery, results waste power. Thus, necessary develop simple but effective strategy efficiently utilizes battery at node. This study proposes packet-level index modulation (PLIM), which suitable such LPWA PLIM takes advantage sparse time selection frequency channel among multiple ones A slot combination selected, i.e., index, increase quantity. For long-range communication, use higher spreading factor (SF) lower rate DC. proposed compensate loss taking time. Numerical evaluation elucidates system without requiring any modification specification. When SF 10, up 32.5%, compared conventional system.